Minimum Safe Height for Obstructions on Roller Coasters: Compliance and Design Standards
The minimum safe height for obstructions on roller coasters is a critical aspect of ensuring passenger safety. This requirement varies based on factors such as ride design, local safety regulations, and industry standards. While specific guidelines exist, the overall goal is to provide adequate clearance to mitigate the risk of passenger contact with any obstructions.
Clearance Requirements
Most roller coaster designs mandate a minimum clearance of approximately 16 to 20 feet (4.9 to 6 meters) above the ride's highest point. This clearance ensures sufficient space for ride vehicles, including any potential swings or movements. This requirement is crucial in preventing collisions and ensuring the safety of passengers.
Safety Standards and Envelope Design
Organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) provide guidelines for maintaining a safe distance from any obstructions. The Standard Practice for Design of Amusement Rides and Devices (ASTM F2291-15) specifies the need for a patron clearance envelope to minimize injury. According to section 6.6.1, amusement rides and devices must be designed to provide an adequate clearance envelope for patrons.
Patron Clearance Envelope
The size and shape of the clearance envelope depend on the nature of the ride vehicle. For contained vehicles, the clearance envelope may be smaller. However, designers must consider the ways patrons can lean out of their seats. Thus, section 6.6.3 requires the design of the clearance envelope based on the appropriate patron model, patron reach envelope, and the patron's containment system.
According to the standard, the minimum patron model should be based on the Dreyfuss Human Scale (4/5/6/7/8/9), SAE J833, or CDC 95th percentile, with an additional 3-inch extended arm and leg reach. This effectively considers a 99.9th percentile male adult or child, adjusting the clearance to accommodate taller riders.
Site-Specific Factors and Regulatory Requirements
The specific environment where a roller coaster is located can also influence the height of obstructions. Designers must consider the proximity of buildings, trees, or other structures to prevent collisions. Regular inspections and maintenance of roller coasters, including assessments of clearance heights and obstructions, are also mandated by safety regulations.
Illustrative Example: The Beast at Kings Island
For a specific case, consider The Beast at Kings Island, a roller coaster built in 1979 before the most recent standards (ASTM F2291-15) were in place. While the park works to bring their rides into compliance with modern standards, some areas of The Beast do not fully meet current requirements due to its age. Tunnels and certain structural components are closer than the current standards allow.
However, the ride was originally designed with an assumption that riders would sit upright or with their hands over their heads. As a result, while there is ample overhead clearance throughout the ride, some elements along the sides may be within reach for taller passengers. This highlights the importance of rider behavior and the necessity of keeping limbs inside the footprint of the train.
Conclusion
Ensuring the minimum safe height for obstructions on roller coasters involves a combination of engineering standards, safety regulations, and the specific design of the ride. Consultation with local regulations and industry standards is essential for precise requirements. Regular inspections and adherence to these guidelines are crucial for maintaining passenger safety.