Medieval Castles: Why Some Ground Floors Lacked Windows and How People Lived There
Contrary to popular belief, medieval castles were not merely luxurious residences but vital military installations designed to withstand enemy attacks. One intriguing feature of many castles is the lack of windows on the ground floor, a practice that raises questions about the daily lives of the people within. Let's delve into the reasons behind this architectural choice and explore how medieval inhabitants managed to live in such environments.
Defensive Fortification
The primary purpose of a medieval castle was to keep enemies out, rather than to provide comfort to its inhabitants. Castles were strategically constructed with various defensive mechanisms, and the absence of windows on the ground floor was one such tactic. By eliminating ground-floor windows, attackers would find it more challenging to gain entry, either by breaking through doors or climbing through windows. This design ensured that the enemy had to clear a physical obstacle before reaching the inner parts of the castle.
Arrow Slits: More Than Just Decorations
Arrow slits, those narrow openings in the walls, served a similar purpose to ground-floor windows—they were designed to keep the enemy out while allowing defenders to fire arrows in return. These slits were strategically placed to provide maximum protection and strategic advantage to the castle's garrison. Instead of offering an easy point of entry for invaders, they created a defensive bottleneck that could slow down and hamper enemy movements.
The Ground Floor: Undercroft
The ground floor of a medieval castle was often referred to as the undercroft. This area served multiple purposes, primarily as a storage space for essential supplies such as food, drink, and other provisions. The undercroft was a crucial space for ensuring the survival of the castle's inhabitants during sieges. These underground or partially underground areas provided a secure and hidden storage location, which was difficult for enemies to target and access.
Living Arrangements within the Castle
While the ground floor may not have been habitable, the upper levels of the castle offered more comfortable living conditions. The living quarters for the castle's inhabitants, including soldiers, servants, and even some noble women, were situated in the upper floors. Kitchens were typically found near the undercroft, but served as both cooking and storage spaces for the food stores. The upper levels provided both warmth and safety, as they were less accessible to enemies.
No Glass Windows on the Ground Floor, But Plenty Else
It is a common misconception that medieval castles had no windows on the ground floor. In reality, there were windows, but they were often not glazed. This allowed natural light to enter the undercroft, making it functional even without advanced glass technology. Except in private areas such as the chapel and the areas where women lived, windows were rarely equipped with glass panes. People lit their spaces using candles, sunlight, and torches, and relied on tapestries to provide some warmth.
Conclusion
The lack of windows on the ground floor of medieval castles was a strategic design choice aimed at enhancing their defensive capabilities. The undercroft served as a secure storage space, while the upper levels provided living quarters for the inhabitants. Despite the absence of modern amenities, medieval people adapted to their environment and created a functioning and defendable living space. Understanding the purpose and design of these fortifications helps us appreciate the ingenuity and resilience of those who built and inhabited these formidable structures.