Great Political Transformations in India: From Articles to Economic Reforms

Introduction

The political landscape of India has seen numerous significant shifts and reforms in recent years, reflecting the nation's rapid growth and evolving socio-economic needs. These changes range from constitutional amendments to economic policy reforms, all of which have reshaped India's politics and economy. This article explores some of these pivotal transformations, detailing their impact and implications for the country's future.

From Article 370 to National Unity

Revocation of Article 370 (August 2019): One of the most significant political changes in modern India's history was the revocation of Article 370 of the Indian constitution. This constitutional provision had granted special autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The move was aimed at integrating JK more closely with the rest of India, though it has been met with mixed reactions. Proponents argue that it will bring stability and security to the region, while critics see it as an infringement on Kashmiri autonomy.

Taxation Reform with GST Implementation (2017)

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Implementation: In 2017, India introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST), which replaced multiple indirect taxes levied by both central and state governments. GST aimed to simplify the tax collection process, curb tax evasion, and create a common national market. This reform has been crucial in streamlining India's taxation system and fostering a more cohesive economic framework.

Digital India: Empowering Society (2015)

Digital India Campaign: Launched in 2015, the Digital India campaign sought to transform India into a digitally empowered society and a knowledge economy. This initiative aimed to increase access to digital services and bridge the digital divide, particularly in rural areas. Through various projects like village-level networks, e-governance, and digital literacy programs, Digital India has made significant strides in improving connectivity and digital infrastructure across the nation.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Clean India Mission (2014)

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission): Initiated in 2014, this campaign aimed to improve sanitation and hygiene in India. With the slogan 'Namaste India - Swachh India', the mission covered areas like constructing public toilets, creating sanitation facilities, and promoting hygiene practices. The program was a significant step towards achieving better living standards and improved public health outcomes.

Nationwide Political Shift (2014 onwards)

Since 2014, the Indian political landscape has seen a drastic shift, particularly with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) gaining widespread support across the country. This has relegated traditional regional parties like the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and Samajwadi Party (SP) to the sidelines, where they have struggled to win any significant elections. The focus has shifted from national parties like the Indian National Congress to a more BJP-centric model of politics.

Several factors have contributed to this shift, including:

1. Abandonment of Appeasement Politics

Earlier election strategies heavily relied on appeasing different minority groups to win votes. However, this strategy has become counterproductive, as parties that exclusively cater to minority interests are now losing. For example, the Samajwadi Party's minority polarisation strategy backfired during the 2019 elections, leading to their defeat.

2. Declining Dynastic Dominance

Before 2014, Indian politics was deeply influenced by familial dynasties, but after this period, these families and their political entities have seen a decline in their influence and electoral success. The increasing apathy towards political dynasties among the electorate is evident in the current political narrative.

3. Increasing BJP Centrism

The 2014 elections marked a turning point where the focus of elections shifted from the Indian National Congress to the BJP and its various state affiliates. The 2019 and 2024 elections continued this trend, with polls becoming more about supporting or opposing the BJP.