Understanding the Archers at Agincourt: A Historical Analysis
The Battle of Agincourt is one of the most famous battles in history, marked by the spectacular victory of Henry V's English army against the French forces. One of the key factors in this victory was the effective use of archers. However, how many archers were at Agincourt and how many arrows did they use remains a subject of historical debate. This article explores these questions, providing a richer understanding of the battlefield dynamics and strategies used during the battle.
The Numbers of Archers at Agincourt
Estimates of the number of archers involved in the Battle of Agincourt vary widely. Some historians suggest that the French-out English ratio was as high as six to one, implying that the English forces had a significant advantage in archers. However, recent scholarship reduces this ratio to four to three, indicating a much more balanced battle. According to the more commonly accepted figures, Henry V deployed around 1500 men-at-arms and about 6000 archers. This total includes both English and Welsh archers.
Historian John H. France notes in The Sword and theScarf that the exact figures are difficult to determine, especially considering the French clarifications in their documents to justify their defeat. This underscores the importance of cross-referencing historical sources for a clearer picture.
Arrows and Their Relevance
Arrows were the primary weapon used by archers during this era. They were typically issued or purchased in sheaves of 24 arrows, although some references mention sheaves containing only 12 arrows. For a full campaign, two or three sheaves per archer were typical, equating to roughly 48 to 72 arrows per individual. Given the weight of these arrows (around 5 to 6 kilograms), it is reasonable to assume that not all were carried by archers at all times but were transported on wagons.
Estimating the number of arrows fired at Agincourt is challenging because of the uncertainty of the battle's duration and the specific engagement at the Battle of Agincourt. The campaign started in August with the landing in France, and the battle occurred in late October. During this period, estimates suggest that around 5000 to 7500 archers were on the English side, with an unknown number of French archers who may not have participated in the battle.
Experimental Estimates and Historical Evidence
Different scenarios suggest varying numbers of arrows fired during the battle. The highest estimate, based on all archers firing 72 arrows each, results in an approximate count of 540,000 arrows. The lower estimate, where only one sheaf (12 or 24 arrows) was fired, brings the number down to approximately 120,000 arrows. Thus, somewhere between 120,000 and 540,000 arrows seems to be a reasonable estimate for the battle.
Some scholars propose a system of resupply, with soldiers running between supply wagons to distribute arrows to the archers. While this theory adds complexity, the evidence supporting such a system is not robust. In contrast, later eras saw musket-armed soldiers loading up to 60 rounds, enough to last just 20 minutes of sustained firing at maximum rate but sufficient for multi-hour battles.
Conclusion and Historical Context
The Battle of Agincourt was a turning point in medieval warfare, demonstrating the effectiveness of archers in an age before gunpowder. Understanding the numbers of archers and the dynamics of arrow usage provides valuable insights into the tactics and strategies employed. While estimates vary, the debate underscores the importance of aligning historical sources with experimental evidence to gain a deeper understanding of these historical battles.